Alma College did not require students to have an academic major until the 1908-1909 school year. Prior to that year, students were only required to complete a general degree of study, such as a Bachelor of Arts or Sciences. The 1908-1909 catalog states, “in order to secure to the student the advantage of intensive work, he is required at the proper time to choose two subjects in which he must...
It was the last game, the last out, the last pitch, and the last hit at the historic Rickwood Field, which was brand new in 1910. When referring to the new stadium, the Age-Herald proclaimed that, “In every detail, it is modern and as near perfect as skill and money could make it”, while the Birmingham News said, “When Birmingham men do a thing, they do it right”. However,...
African American migrants who came to cities like Detroit with ambitious dreams about prosperity in the North, were sadly disappointed during times of recession in the city when there were not enough jobs available for them. As a consequence of the thousands of jobless, homeless, poorly educated and starving African-Americans in Detroit crime was high and upward mobility was low. Rather than address...
Every day for twenty years Duane Zimmerman would drive to Orlando Regional Medical Center to work. Every day for twenty years Duane Zimmerman left his home in suburban MetroWest and traveled through poor and dangerous parts of Orlando to reach his job on the prosperous edge of Downtown Orlando. Zimmerman left his own little Levittown – a big white house with a massive lawn, all demarcated by a...
In the late 19th century, the United States faced a series of troubling economic and social transformations. In response, progressive reformers designed a modern approach to solving problems: conducting research, identifying potential solutions, and then lobbying for reform. Women were often in the forefront of efforts for reform.
The need for more efficient and effective methods to address...
For minorities in the 1980s, the future was uncertain. The HIV/AIDS epidemic was on the rise, while quality information and resources were nowhere to be found. As time went on, misconceptions and maltreatments became commonplace. Despite statistics showing otherwise, minorities were often led to believe that the virus was not a threat to them. Minorities often thought that the misfortune...
Seven Gottingen miniature pigs aged between five and seven weeks underwent a combination of compression and decompression exercises while inside a hyperbaric chamber. The tests, which were conducted in England 1989, would last an hour and include intermittent and controlled time periods. After each exposure, the minipig would be walked in a long corridor, so that scientist could observe any neurologic...
The primary employment in the Prince William Sound in Alaska is fishing. Not only is it a career, but also it is a way of life. That way of life was threatened by the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Over 80% of the protein in Alaskans’ diet comes from fish. They rely on seafood as a main source of food and they didn’t want to risk cancer or other organ damage. They also needed a good harvest...
According to an 1889 article found in the Chautauquan, a popular weekly news magazine, Birmingham, Alabama was the future of the iron and steel industry in America. Seated in Jefferson County, which is located in central Alabama, Birmingham was named after the industrious steel city of Birmingham, England. Also known as the “Magic City” and “Pittsburgh of the South”, Birmingham had...
Coal-fired power plants have long been one of the world’s largest emitters of greenhouse gases. There are various kinds of inputs that a power plant can use in the process of creating electricity, and one of these is petroleum coke. An important factor that makes pet coke desirable is the fact that it can produce fuel efficiencies in integrated steel mills. The company that first discovered this...